Teflon heater

Carbon capture and storage, oil and gas production, and supercritical CO2 power cycles are some of the fields where trace chloride in high pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) environments are frequently fou

In the Grade 2 titanium, iron is present as an impurity up to 0.20–0.30 wt% and forms intermetallic Ti2Fe particles. These particles are cathodic against the surrounding alpha-titanium matrix. I

Titanium has a noticeable uniform corrosion rate of about 0.1-0.3 mm per year in pickling liquid containing 8% nitric acid and 2% hydrofluoric acid at 55°C. However, weld reinforcement, i.e. the a

Ethylene glycol/water combinations (50/50 vol%) are often employed as heat transfer fluids in solar thermal systems, HVAC and engine cooling. At 90°C, 500 ppm chloride from deteriorated glycol or

In phosphoric acid sludge – a viscous mixture of phosphoric acid (30-50%), precipitated gypsum (CaSO 4 .2H 2 O), silica and metal sulfates – vertical titanium heat rods experience non-unif

Flue gas desulfurization effluent tanks typically contain liquid with a pH of 2.5 and high levels of chloride (10,000-30,000 ppm) and suspended particulates like gypsum and limestone. The horizontal t

Ammonium bisulfate (NH 4 HSO 4 ) solutions of 20 % concentration and 110 °C are employed in some chemical processes and flue gas desulfurization. Grade 12 titanium (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni) has better corr

The geothermal brines are rich in calcium, magnesium and other minerals as well as dissolved silica (SiO2). Silica polymerizes at 120°C and co-precipitates with calcium and magnesium carbonates an

Monoethanolamine (MEA) is commonly used in gas treatment for the removal of CO₂ and H₂S. MEA is oxidatively degraded in the presence of oxygen at 80 °C, and bicine (N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine)

Heater tubes of seamless titanium are produced by drawing through dies, with reductions usually of the order of 15 to 30 percent per pass. The reduction ratio determines the amount of cold work , disl

Electrolyte for copper electrowinning is 150-200 g/L sulfuric acid and 40-50 g/L copper ions at 40-50°C. The anodes are composed of lead alloy or of dimensionally stable material and the cathodes

Ternary nitrate salt combinations with calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) are used as heat transfer fluid in concentrated solar power and thermal storage systems . At 400°C the salt is molten and oxidisin