Teflon heater

In 10% diethanolamine at 110 C with H 2 S loading, titanium forms a titanium sulfide (TiS) layer on the surface. With a loading of 0.1 mole/mole H2S, the TiS layer is thin (0.1-0.5 µm) and does

PFA absorbs 0.03-0.08% water in 20% HCl @ 100°C depending on grade and processing. The HCl permeation rate through the polymer wall increases with increasing water absorption (0.08%). The HCl perm

In 10% sodium cyanide solution at 50°C the cyanide ion (CN^-) forms a stable complex with titanium: Ti^4+ + 6CN^- --> [Ti(CN)6]^3-. Complexation inhibits the production of a protective TiO2 lay

At 120°C, the fluoride ion (F^−) produces soluble hexafluorotitanate complexes in 40% potassium fluoride (KF): Ti4+ + 6F− TiF62−. The corrosion rate of Grade 7 titanium in 2 M F⁻

Thermal cycling between 20°C and 200°C causes fatigue in PFA sheath heaters in air due to differential expansion between the polymer and the internal metal components. Fatigue life with slow c

The pitting potential of grade 2 titanium in sodium bromide 10% at 70°C is +0.3 to +0.5 V versus Ag/AgCl. The pitting potential in an analogous chloride solution is +0.5 to +0.7 V. More aggressive

Thiocyanate anion (SCN⁻) is highly adsorbed on the titanium surface in 30% sodium thiocyanate at 80 °C. SCN− competes for surface sites in the presence of chloride. The critical pitting temp

The rate of alkali ions through a 1.0 mm PFA wall in a 50/50 mixed alkali solution at 150 °C is a function of the potassium-to-sodium ratio. Ion K + has higher ionic radius ( 138 pm ) than Na + (

In 5% sodium metavanadate at 80°C, the vanadate ion (VO₃⁻) reduces on the titanium surface to form a protective vanadium oxide (V₂O₅) layer. This layer is electronically conductive but chemically

CrO 4 2− in 15 % sodium chromate at 70 °C : The chromate ion is a strong oxidizer, and raises the pitting potential of Grade 2 titanium from +0.2 V (in chloride) to +0.6-0.9 V. The corrosion

The passive film on Grade 2 titanium in 2% NaCl at 60°C with 500 ppm H2S changes from TiO2 to titanium sulfide (TiS). The TiS layer is a porous, non-protective and conductive layer. Corrosion rate

The fluorination of PFA surface improves the fluorine content at surface and boosts its hydrophobicity. The plasma fluorination (CF4 plasma) leads to an increase of the contact angle with water from 1