Teflon heater

Jet fuel storage tanks can collect water at the bottom from condensation and fuel handling. The recovered water is generally saline (100 to 300 ppm of chlorides from air and marine sources), includes

The chloride procedure for the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) pigment uses a 25% ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ) solution at 70°C as a chlorinating agent. The solution contains suspended TiO2 pa

Methanolic HCl (hydrogen chloride in methanol) is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals for reactions that require anhydrous acid conditions. Heating tubes in this service m

Multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination brine heaters operate at 110-120 °C with deaerated brine (dissolved oxygen <20 ppb). Deaeration is required to prevent corrosion of the carbon steel compone

In the pickle factory, acidic pickle liquor (HCl and organic acids) is neutralized with caustic soda (10% NaOH) at temperatures up to 95°C. Titanium is normally resistant to caustic solutions, how

Grade 2 titanium is close to its active-passive transition in 5 % H2SO4 at 60 °C. Grade 2. It will erode vigorously in deaerated acid at rates from 0.5 to 2.0 mm per year. In the presence of disso

High temperatures in sulfuric acid operation are a tough environment for titanium heating equipment. Grade 7 titanium (Ti-0.15Pd) has good corrosion resistance in 15 % H2SO4 at 90 deg C under ordinary

Titanium Grade 2, in most instances, manages an acidic zinc plating solution - generally chloride based or sulfate chloride formulations working at pH 3.5 and 55°C - which is a somewhat harsh envi

Waste incinerator wet scrubbers sit at the interface between high-temperature combustion gases and corrosive liquid absorption systems. The vapors of hydrochloric acid from burning chlorinated plastic

During normal operation of titanium Grade 2 heating tubes welded to tube sheets in brine heaters, seawater heat exchangers and evaporators, repeated thermal cycling takes place. Each start-up heats th

Trace amounts of formic acid, a reducing organic acid that aggressively attacks titanium passive films, are common contaminants in acetic acid service in catalytic reactors. The combination of acetic

Oil and gas separators, placed deep on the ocean floor at depths of between 1,500 and 2,000 meters, suffer external hydrostatic pressures of 150 to 200 bar (15 to 20 MPa). These separators have electr