Knowledge

Ultrasonic agitation is commonly used in electroplating and metal finishing tanks to improve mass transport, increase throwing power, and promote uniform deposition. Frequencies are usually in the ran

Lactic acid (C₃H₆O₃) is a common additive in food processing, used as a preservative, pH regulator, and flavoring agent in the manufacture of cheese, processed meats, and beverages. Heating of lactic

In offshore platforms, fire-resistant fluids are used to minimize the risk of fire in high-pressure hydraulic lines. These fluids typically consist of 95% water and 5% glycol (ethylene or propylene).

Solutions of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) at 60°C and 5% concentration are employed in photographic fixing, gold leaching and dechlorination. The passive film on titanium is usually stable in pure

Caustic cracking can lead to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in titanium heaters boiling 40% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at about 125°C. The tube end seal where the resistance wire enters the sheath i

90% formic acid (HCOOH) at 100°C is a reducing environment which somewhat passivates titanium. The corrosion behaviour is strongly affected by the water content in the acid. At 5% water (95% formi

Titanium immersion heaters are protected from oxidation by a nitrogen blanket in a eutectic salt bath at 300°C. However, if oxygen is available in the nitrogen blanket oxygen may permeate to the t

Titanium immersion heaters are protected from oxidation by a nitrogen blanket in a eutectic salt bath at 300°C. However, if oxygen is available in the nitrogen blanket oxygen may permeate to the t

In industrial operations, titanium sheath heaters are put into alternating corrosive and washing conditions with a daily cleaning cycle, using 10% phosphoric acid at 80°C. The quality of the rinse

Drawing lubricants are critical in the fabrication of titanium heater tubes to reduce friction and prevent galling. Chlorinated paraffins and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) are two common lubricants. Chl

Paraffin wax is melted at 80°C for many industrial operations such as candle production, investment casting and coatings. Titanium heat rods are applicable for this service at normal operating tem

At 100°C in 30% calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) brine with 2% magnesium impurity (as MgCl 2 ), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ) scales preferentially precipitate over calcium carbonate or calcium sulfat