Heating element heating tube in 1964 and 1966

RCA is the first company to conduct research and develop the commercial application of heat pipe (although their work is mainly funded by the U.S. government). In the late 1960s, NASA played a major role in funding heat pipe development, a significant amount of research on their applications and reliability after space flight, from Grover's recommendations. NASA's attractive heat pipe cooling system is understandable, giving it low weight, high heat flux and zero power consumption. However, their main interest is based on the fact that the system will not be adversely affected when working in a zero gravity environment. The first application of heat pipe in the space program is the satellite transponder with heat balance. Satellite orbit, one side is exposed to the direct radiation of the sun, while the other side is completely dark and exposed to the deep cold space. This can lead to serious temperature deviations (and thus reliability and accuracy) of the transponder. The heat pipe cooling system designed for this purpose manages the high heat flux and does not show perfect operation under the influence of gravity. The cooling system is the first to describe and use a variable electric heat transfer tube to actively regulate the heat flow or the temperature of the evaporator.