Knowledge

In industrial operations, titanium sheath heaters are put into alternating corrosive and washing conditions with a daily cleaning cycle, using 10% phosphoric acid at 80°C. The quality of the rinse

Drawing lubricants are critical in the fabrication of titanium heater tubes to reduce friction and prevent galling. Chlorinated paraffins and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) are two common lubricants. Chl

Paraffin wax is melted at 80°C for many industrial operations such as candle production, investment casting and coatings. Titanium heat rods are applicable for this service at normal operating tem

Grade 12 titanium (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni) is utilized for heater tubes in chloride containing situations due to its superior pitting resistance. When the tube is bent to a tight radius of 3 times the tube di

Sodium Dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) is a powerfully oxidizing solution, 10% at 70°C. Hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) is a strong oxidizer, having a standard reduction potential of +1.33 V for Cr₂O₇²⁻/Cr&

In electric titanium sheath heaters, the power is commonly controlled by means of pulse-width modulation (PWM) to control the temperature. The speed at which the heater turns on and off is determined

At 100°C in 30% calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) brine with 2% magnesium impurity (as MgCl 2 ), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ) scales preferentially precipitate over calcium carbonate or calcium sulfat

The 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 60°C is a strong oxidizer and titanium has a low uniform corrosion rate of 0.01–0.05 mm per year. However, an immersion heater has a fissure at the weld

The carbon dioxide (CO₂) loading is defined as the moles of CO₂ per mole of MEA in a reboiler for 15% monoethanolamine (MEA) at 110°C. The solution is less corrosive at low loading (0.3) and degra

Sodium acetate (CH3COONa) 50% at 90°C, for textile dyeing and buffer. The solution is alkaline (pH 8–9). The pH is reduced by the acetic acid impurity from hydrolysis or contamination. At pH

A buffering agent and corrosion inhibitor is sodium borate (Na₂B₄O₇) at 8% concentration and 95°C. Borate ions (B4O72−) can create a protective layer on titanium, but the stability of this f

The cross section of titanium heater tubes is reduced by a certain percentage by cold drawing before final annealing in the production of titanium heater tubes. The driving factor for recrystallizatio