Knowledge

In 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 60°C, titanium exhibits a low uniform corrosion rate of 0.01–0.05 mm per year due to the strongly oxidizing environment. However, the welded end cap of a

In a reboiler for 15% monoethanolamine (MEA) at 110°C, carbon dioxide (CO₂) loading is expressed as moles of CO₂ per mole of MEA. At low loading (0.3), the solution is less corrosive, and degradat

Sodium acetate (CH₃COONa) at 50% concentration and 90°C is used in textile dyeing and as a buffering agent. The solution is alkaline (pH 8–9). Acetic acid impurity from hydrolysis or contami

Sodium borate (Na₂B₄O₇) at 8% concentration and 95°C is used as a buffering agent and corrosion inhibitor. Borate ions (B₄O₇²⁻) can form a protective film on titanium, but the stability of th

In the manufacturing of titanium heater tubes, cold drawing reduces the cross-sectional area by a certain percentage prior to final annealing. The cold work level determines the driving force for recr

Potassium acetate (KAc) runway deicers at 25% concentration are used at temperatures as low as -10°C. Titanium electric heaters are employed to prevent freezing in storage tanks. During active hea

In deionized water systems operating at 90°C, total organic carbon (TOC) can originate from ion exchange resin breakdown, biofilm growth, or feedwater contamination. When a Grade 7 titanium sheath

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is an anionic surfactant used in cleaning and industrial processes. At 70°C, its critical micelle concentration (CMC) is approximately 0.05–0.1 wt% (500–1,

In a titanium heat rod superheating low-pressure steam (150°C, 4 bar) for injection into a brine tank, the main tube operates in dry steam and remains passive with a corrosion rate below 0.01 mm p

In 20% ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) at 80°C, the pH significantly affects the passivation behavior of titanium. At pH 6.5 (near neutral), the passive film is stable, with a passivation current densit

In Grade 2 titanium, inclusions-primarily Ti₂Fe particles-act as pitting initiation sites. ASTM E45 classifies inclusions by type: Type A (sulfides, rare in titanium), Type B (aluminates), Type C (sil

In 5% sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) at 80°C, titanium relies on a passive oxide film for protection. Occasional dry-out-when the liquid level drops below the heater-exposes the hot titanium to air. The ra