Knowledge

In 4% sodium chlorate (NaClO₃) at 80°C, titanium catalyzes chlorate decomposition: 4NaClO₃ → 3NaClO₄ + NaCl (plus oxygen). This decomposition is exothermic. At low flow velocities, localized

In 50% phosphoric acid at 100°C, Grade 2 titanium exhibits uniform corrosion at 0.08–0.15 mm per year but also suffers occasional pitting at 0.3–0.8 mm per year. The probability of det

At 700°C in molten NaCl-KCl eutectic salt, titanium forms a natural oxide (0.1–0.3 µm) that grows slowly and remains adherent. A thick anodized oxide (5 µm) contains internal str

In humid ammonia vapor at 150°C, water condenses on the titanium heater surface, forming a thin film that absorbs NH₃ to produce ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH). The concentration of NH₄OH in the conde

In an acetate buffer at pH 4.7 and 90°C, the buffer capacity determines the stability of the titanium passive film. Buffer capacity below 0.05 mole/L allows local pH drops to <3 at the metal su

Surface iron contamination on titanium heaters creates local galvanic cells. Iron particles are more noble than titanium in chloride solutions. At low contamination (10 ng/cm²), open-circuit pote

At 70°C, chlorite (ClO₂⁻) decomposes catalytically on titanium surfaces: 4ClO₂⁻ → 3ClO₃⁻ + Cl⁻. This reaction produces chloride ions and chlorate ions. The chloride accumulates near the titan

In 10% aluminum nitrate (Al(NO₃)₃) at 50°C, thermal cycling causes fatigue crack growth at tube bends and welds. The crack growth per cycle follows Paris law. To keep crack growth below 0.1 mm per

Lithium chloride (LiCl) is highly hygroscopic. During heater shutdown, the tube cools, and moisture from the air condenses on the surface. LiCl absorbs this moisture, forming a concentrated lithium ch

In dual-phase titanium alloys (e.g., Grade 5, Ti-6Al-4V), the volume fraction of alpha-phase (HCP) and beta-phase (BCC) determines hydrogen diffusion behavior. Hydrogen diffuses faster in beta-phase (

In 5% sodium tartrate at 103°C, the tartrate ion (C₄H₄O₆²⁻) is a strong chelating agent for titanium. Unlike chloride or fluoride which cause pitting, tartrate forms soluble titanium-tartrate

In a 35% methanol/water mixture at 65°C, Grade 2 titanium exhibits uniform thinning at 0.02–0.05 mm per year. The addition of 0.5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) raises the pH to 10–11. At hi